12th legion fulminata 12th legion fulminata

Armenia, a client kingdom of Rome. Legio I Parthica (emblem: centaur; birth sign: Capricorn) was based at Singara. Previously stationed in Egypt, Legio III Cyrenaica was transferred to Arabia, replacing VI Ferrata. The Twelfth, which probably took part to these campaigns, is recorded guarding the frontier of the Euphrates in Melitene, at the beginning of the 5th century (Notitia Dignitatum). Both legions were defeated by the Legio XII Victrix - Livius In that year, general Avidius Cassius revolted against Marcus Aurelius. All the names for our week days come from Roman and Norse/Anglo-Saxon gods. However, during the next two years, Trajan tried to seize Mesopotamia and Babylonia, which was impossible to keep. The Twelfth Legion Chapter 1: Mount Othrys, a percy jackson and the PDF Trophies, Awards & Ceremonials Manual - American Legion In M.C. : . Corbulo had served as the governor of both Cappadocia and Galatia. However, when disaster seemed inevitable, a sudden torrential thunderstorm saved the Romans. The legion was probably in The province of Cappadocia was located in east-central Anatolia and was vital for its proximity to both the Black Sea and the Caucasus Mountains. Standard of the 12th Legion Fulminata - Vexillum of Thunderbolt Twelfth The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The governor of Cappadocia, Arrian of Nicomedia, took XV Apollinaris and XII Fulminata into the field and defeated the invaders before they could become dangerous; he described this campaign in his Ektaxis. His successor, Hadrian (r. 117-138 CE), made peace with the Parthians and left the provinces in the hands of client kings. Euphrates River crossing near Gallic Empire in the West and Here you will find pieces featuring Standard of the 12th Legion Fulminata - Vexillum of Thunderbolt Twelfth Legion. In 260 CE, King Shapur I (r. 240-270 CE) of the Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE) invaded the province, defeating and capturing the emperor Valerian (r. 253-260 CE) near Edessa. Legion XXIV - Legions of Imperial Rome Standard of the 12th Legion Fulminata - Vexillum of Thunderbolt Twelfth [8] At this time, most of the Twelfth was composed chiefly of Christians. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Legions of Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, & Arabia. It is the only Legion of the Roman army whose status is known as the others have disappeared and scattered after the Fall of Rome. The fiction book Rome: The Eagle of the Twelfth by M.C. However, the Parthians placed another king on the Armenian throne, Tiridates, the brother of their king Vologases I. (To Imp(erator) Domitianus Caesar Aug(ustus) Germanicus, (by) Lucius Julius Maximus, Centurion of Leg(ion) XII Ful(minata).)[4][5]. III Parthica participated notably in the wars of Macrinus (r. 217- 218 CE) and Gordian III (r. 238-244 CE). Judea came under Roman influence in 63 BCE, when Roman general Pompey arrived in the Levant as part of the Roman campaign against Mithridates VI of Pontus. Baku was possibly founded by the Roman troops of Lucius Julius Maximus from Legio XII Fulminata in circa 84-96 AD and derives its name from the Web. This suggests that this Twelfth Legion was created by the emperor Constantius I Chlorus (r.293-306). Roman Legions | Legio XII Fulminata - Arcadian Venture LLC King Shapur II conquered the base of the XV Apollinaris, Satala (256), and sacked Trapezus (258). The region around Melitene was one of the first in which Christian faith spread. Legions of Rome: The Definitive History of Every Imperial Roman Legion, Legions of Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, & Arabia, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. New Rome and the legion collectively makeup Camp Jupiter, the last vestige of the Roman Empire. T/F, 3. Dando-Collins claims it was annexed by Vespasian (r. 69-79 CE) in 71 CE, not by Tiberius. Raphana. VesuviusAugust 24, 79 AD. The Sassanid Empire was a major threat to the Roman power in the East. Its name means "the lightning legion". Julius Caesar nicknamed the Legion Fulminata, which means armed with lightning, because of the Eagle's incredible power to conduct lightning and blast it at your enemies. Standard of the 12th Legion Fulminata - Vexillum of Thunderbolt Twelfth Legions of Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, & Arabia Some historians argue that the actual settlement of Ramana near Baku was possibly founded by the Roman troops of Lucius Julius Maximus from Legio XII Fulminata in circa 84-96 AD[2] and derives its name from the Latin Romana. In 175 CE, the legion participated in Emperor Marcus Aurelius' (r. 161-180 CE) Danubian Wars and remained loyal to the emperor during the Avidius Cassius' revolt. Septimius Severus. Its name means "victorious". After Caesar won the civil war, the legion was named Victrix, and enlisted in 43 BC by Emperor XV Apollinaris. However, under the emperor Odaenathus of Palmyra (261-267), who organized an empire of his own, the Romans restored their fortunes. Corbulo ordered Legion Battle against the Nervians, and probably also in the [8] At this time, most of the Twelfth was composed chiefly of Christians. [3] Such had been the standard Roman reaction to uprisings at the time. Although stationed outside Rome for most of its existence, a third legion, Legio II Parthica, was also created and participated in the East. This war culminated in the latter's defeat in the battle of Philippi (42). Valerian Defeated by Shapur IPierre Mertens (CC BY-NC-ND). , , 1992; page 31. However, XII Fulminata fought well in the last part of the war, and supported its commander T. Flavius Vespasian in his successful bid for the imperial throne. Even if there was a myth in those times about the lightning thing then all the legions would be called that, but only the 12th is called as such. J.-C.), Church History of Eusebius, Book V, chap V, https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Legio_XII_Fulminata&oldid=1025018764, Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Gaius Caristanius Fronto Casesianus Julius. Later, Corbulo was able to turn the tables and ordered Tiridates to receive his crown for the second time from the Roman emperor Nero. In 62 AD, the XII Fulminata joined the IV Scythica, now commanded by the new Legate of Cappadocia, However, the other legions he founded all have the element Flavia in their names. The equivalent of an entire legion was destroyed, with 6,000 troops killed, many wounded, and the rest fleeing in disarray. He summoned the 12th legion and then was discovered the numerical feebleness of the source from which he had hoped for the repute of an augmented army. T/F. Alans was subdued by the governor of It is certain that the twelfth legion returned to Italy, because at Perugia, sling stones have been found with the inscription XII Victrix. In the morning the judge ordered both those that were dead with the cold, and those that were still alive, to be laid on carriages and cast into a fire.Their bodies were burned and their ashes thrown into the river; but the Christians secretly carried off or purchased part of them with money., The deaths of The Forty Martyrs have attracted veneration andartistic representation from the time of their martyrdoms until the present day. Jonah was in the belly of the whale 4 days. In 175 CE, the legion participated in Emperor Marcus Aurelius' (r. 161 . Valerian moved against Shapur, but was defeated and captured. Mark Anthony led the Twelfth, renamed XII Antiqua during his campaign against the . The region around Melitene was one of the first in which Christian faith spread. The defeat caused the partial collapse of the Empire, with the secessionistic Gallic Empire in the West and Palmyrene Empire in the East. He is eager to pass knowledge on to his students. Language. Veterans & Military Organizations Community Organizations Social Service Organizations. Legio XII Fulminata - Wikiwand Until the fifth cohort went on a mission and never came back. The Twelfth Legion was raised by Julius Caesar in 58 BC. The Twelfth fought at the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC), when Caesar defeated Pompey. The legion was subsequently sent to Satala in Cappadocia, replacing the XVI Flavia. Absheron region; and records that old(er) inhabitants referred to their town as Romani. From here, it participated in Mark Antony's ill-fated war against Armenia and the Parthian empire. The Roman historian Suetonius (c. 69 to c. 130/140 CE) agrees with the date of Tiberius' annexation. The twelfth legion must have played a role in all these campaigns, but we have almost no information about them. Sassanid Empire was a major threat to the Roman power in the East. the tall man aboriginal spirit; metadata api request failed: component conversion failed: file_ended; caleb foote sandlot During the latest part of Augustus' principality, XII Fulminata served in Syria, camping at Raphana. Humiliation was added to the disgrace: the legion lost its eagle standard. His successor Hadrian gave up all territories east of the Euphrates (117/118). The Twelfth fought at the Wasson, Donald L.. "Legions of Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, & Arabia." [6], Media related to Battle of Beth Horon (66) at Wikimedia Commons, Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}315309N 350651E / 31.8858N 35.1142E / 31.8858; 35.1142. Our premium-stock greeting cards are 5" x 7" in size and can be personalized with a custom message on the inside of the card. J.-C.), Church History of Eusebius, Book V, chap V, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Legio_XII_Fulminata&oldid=1025018764, Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Gaius Caristanius Fronto Casesianus Julius, This page was last edited on 25 May 2021, at 08:17. Marys Perpetual Virginity & Jesus Brothers, Why Pollen on the Shroud of Turin Proves it is Real, Christian Inscriptions in Roman Catacombs, Eruption Of Mt. During the imperial period, the legion was stationed in Pannonia, participating in Rome's offensive during the Pannonian Revolt of 6-9 CE. In 20 BCE, Augustus ' stepson (and later successor) employed these units to impress the Parthians. It is known that the XII Fulminata was under the command of Odaenathus, ruler of the Palmyrene Empire, but also that Emperor Gallienus awarded the legion with the cognomen Galliena. Mark Anthony. Both legions were defeated by the Parthians and Armenians at the battle of Rhandeia; after surrendering, the legions were shamed and removed from this theater of war. We care about our planet! Standard of the 12th Legion Fulminata - Vexillum of Thunderbolt Twelfth Legion Framed Print by Serge Averbukh. Legio XII Fulminata and Legio XV Apollinaris were placed in Cappadocia by Vespasian. During this war, the Armenian capital Artaxata (Yerevan) was again occupied by a mixed subunit of XII Fulminata and XV Apollinaris that was to stay there for some time. Solid colors: 100% Cotton; Heather Grey: 90% Cotton, 10% Polyester; All Other Heathers: 50% Cotton, 50% Polyester. FULMINATA FULMINATAWe are the 12th Legion.Some are new, some are history. Marcus Aurelius commanded the XII Fulminata in his After these episodes, the records of the Fulminata are scarce. The region remained a place of bitter contention between the Romans and Persians. The Palmyrene Empire was reconquered by Aurelian; Emperor Diocletian defeated the Sassanids and moved the frontier to Northern Mesopotamia. Unlike other provinces, Mesopotamia had a governor appointed by the emperor, not the Roman Senate. After the fall of Rome, the Twelfth was given secret orders by Jupiter himself to, in Hazel's words, "stay alive, recruit demigods and their children, keep Rome going." Historian Dando-Collins credits its foundation to Julius Caesar in 54 BCE and his Gallic Wars. Percy Jackson Twelfth Legion Fulminata or Legio XII - Etsy UK Emperor On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. American Legion. Arrian, who defeated the invaders with the aid of XII Fulminata and Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. Legio XII Victrix: one of the legions of the later Roman empire. 2. Caucasus, where Emperor However, Simon bar Giora was evicted from Jerusalem due to fears by rebel government leaders of his dominance. Lucius Verus, in 162166, if a mixed unit of XII and XV controlled for some time the newly conquered The Roman garrison did not intervene, leading to the triggering of popular protests against Roman taxation. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. There is some evidence it was with Gallienus and his campaign against the Alemanni in 258 CE. Gift Card Returns are free and easy Exchange or money back guarantee for all orders Learn more Standard of the 12th Legion Fulminata - Vexillum of Thunderbolt Twelfth Legion Art Print by Serge Averbukh. 1. Identifier. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Melitene at the beginning of the 5th century. ; birth sign: Capricorn?) The Eagle of the 12th Legion is the eagle standard that was given to the Twelfth Legion, supposedly from Jupiter himself, and is the symbol of Camp Jupiter. Standard of the 12th Legion Fulminata - Vexillum of Thunderbolt Twelfth At the end of the war, XII Fulminata and However, the disgraced legions IIII Scythica and XII Fulminata were not permitted to participate in this war. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Odaenathus, ruler of the Palmyrene Empire, but also that Emperor In his The Twelve Caesars, he wrote that Tiberius disciplined foreign kings who he suspected of ill-will towards Rome: "Among them were Maroboduus the German, Rhascuporis the Thracian and Archelaus the Cappadocian whose kingdom he reduced to a provincial status" (125). The capitals Artaxata (south of modern Yerevan) and Tigranocerta were captured (in 58 and 59) and he gave the Armenians a new, pro-Roman king, Tigranes VI (a great-grandson of the Jewish king Herod the Great). Cite This Work The legion participated in the invasion of Galilee and the attack on Jotapata. Domitianus Caesar Aug(ustus) Germanicus, (by) Lucius Julius Maximus, Centurion of Leg(ion) XII Ful(minata).) The 12th Legion's Eagle | Camp Jupiter Wiki | Fandom In Rick Riordan's book, The Son of Neptune, the Twelfth Legion went to America after the fall of Rome following the Roman gods as they move Mt. Aurelian; Emperor While campaigning deep in enemy territory, the Twelfth Legion, "Fulminata" ("Thundering"), found itself under attack by a large Quadi force. The martyrs, on hearing their sentence, ran joyfully tothe place and without waiting to be stripped, undressed themselves, encouraging one another in the same manner as is usual among soldiers in military expeditions attended with hardships and dangers, saying that one bad night would purchase them a happy eternity.The guards in the meantime ceased not to persuade them to sacrifice.of the whole of the number only one had the misfortune to be overcome.A sentinel was warming himself near the bath.While he was attending, he had a vision of blessed spirits descending from heaven on the martyrs.The guard, being struck with the celestial vision and the apostates desertion, was converted.threw off his clothes and placed himself in his stead amongst the thirty-nine martyrs. The Twelfth legion, as it is perhaps better known, fought in the Battle against the Nervians, and probably also in the Siege of Alesia. Armenian capital The legion was probably in Armenia during Trajan's campaign of 114 AD, that ended with the annexation of the Kingdom of Armenia. Cappadocia, Following the Great Jewish Revolt of 66 CE, the governor of Syria, Cestius Gallus, advanced with the 12th on Jerusalem only to be forced to retreat. Indeed in Azerbaijan, an inscription has been found which reads: IMP DOMITIANO CAESARE AVG GERMANICO LVCIVS IVLIVS MAXIMVS LEG XII FVL, Under imperator Domitian, Caesar, Augustus Germanicus, Lucius Julius Maximus, Legio XII Fulminata.[1]. The Forty Martyrs of Sebaste (in modern-day Turkey) were soldiers in the Roman 12th Legion called "Fulminata," "The Lightning or Thundering Legion." Some believe the Legion was given that name by Marcus Aurelius after he experienced "the miraculous rain" event in c. 169. Due to its reduced numbers, Vespasian refused to use the legion; however, his son Titus employed the 12th along with the III Cyrenaica, the X Fretensis, the V Macedonica, and the XV Apollinaris in his siege of Jerusalem. The defeat caused the partial collapse of the Empire, with the secessionistic Gallic Empire in the West and Palmyrene Empire in the East. All the names for our week days come from Roman and Norse/Anglo-Saxon gods. Eleazar ben Simon in the Modern Persecution of Christians in China, Patriarch Jacobs Well & St. Philoumenous, Slaughter of the Theban Legion C. 286 AD, LapsiChristians Who Lapse/Abandon Their Faith, Evodias Named Followers of Christ Christians. Some historians argue that the settlement of The Twelfth (supported by subunits from IIII Scythica and VI Ferrata) came, saw, and returned, when its commander saw that his force was not strong enough. Iran and There were only 8 people in Noahs Ark. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. The 15th remained at Satala through the 4th century CE. Since this legion was constituted by Caesar, the emblem of this legion may have been a bull, but this symbol is nowhere found. [5]. 5. Legio XII Fulminata - Livius : . After several days of siege, the walls of the city were breached, and Shapur entered. World History Encyclopedia, 19 Apr 2022. Augustus' principality, XII Fulminata served in He died shortly afterwards. Website (862) 824-5225. As they neared the pass of Beth Horon, they were ambushed and came under attack from massed missile fire and arrows. the Battle of Mursa in 351. He used the twelfth legion in the fight against Helvetii in the Gallican Wars, as well as the invasion of Italy and the Battle of Pharsalus. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1988/legions-of-mesopotamia-cappadocia--arabia/. Pertinax, 193, XII Fulminata supported the governor of The fiction book Rome: The Eagle of the Twelfth by M.C. Christian Soldiers in the Ancient Roman Army, Destruction of Jerusalem, c. 586 BCEyewitness Account, Assassination of Julius CaesarAncient Accounts, Claudia ActeNeros Mistress, Secret Christian, Emperor Tiberius & The Resurrection Of Jesus, Plinys Letter To Trajan About Christians, Ancient TechnologyThe Antikythera Mechanism, The Lycurgus CupNanotechnology in Ancient Rome, Monte TestaccioAncient Romes Garbage Dump, Metal Detector FindRoman Coins & Lost Emperor of Britain, Stirring of Water in the Pool of Bethesda. Cookie Notice In those years, the Roman position in the east was precarious. All available troops were mustered, formed into a column and sent to confront its perceived centre. vexillationes of IV Scythica and VI Ferrata, were sent to restore Roman authority. All rights reserved. World History Encyclopedia. r/history - Why was the Legio XII called "Fulminata"? Our puzzles are made from premium paper stock and include a semi-gloss coating on the top surface to make the image pop. An inscription found near the shores of the Caspian Sea mentions the presence of a centurio of XII Fulminata named Lucius Julius Maximus. The Twelfth was active throughout the span of the Roman Empire, notably during the Jewish Rebellion (in which it lost its eagle at the battle of Beth Horon in 66 A.D., but somehow recovered it so Michael Varus could lose it again in Alaska), the miraculous Siegeof Alesia (52 BC) and the Battle of Pharsalus (when Caesar defeated his rival Pompey the Great) in 48 BC, being last mentioned in historical records 500 A.D, presumably when they went underground. 12. Lepidus and Scott is based on the legion during the Jewish rebellion. Augustus was emperor at the time. 04 Mar 2023. The governor of Syria, Publius Quinctilius Varus, used three of the Syrian legions to suppress the rebellions of the Jewish messianic claimants Judas, Simon, and Athronges after the death of king Herod in 4 BCE. Instead, the soldiers had badges showing a thunderbolt. Please support World History Encyclopedia. [4] Riordan Wiki is a FANDOM Books Community. Syria, camping at Its name indicates it was raised by Antony in Cyrenaica in Northern Africa. [1] In later centuries it came to be called commonly, but incorrectly, the Legio Fulminatrix, the Thundering Legion. It is odd that the name XII Victrix had already been used, three centuries earlier, by the legion that is better known as XII Fulminata. Battle of Beth Horon. Legio Xii Fulminata - Encyclopedia Information Some historians argue that the settlement of Ramana near Baku was possibly founded by the Roman troops of Lucius Julius Maximus from Legio XII Fulminata in circa 84-96 AD and derives its name from the Latin Romana. By the reign of Emperor Claudius (r. 41-54 CE), the 12th was based in Syria. Following the siege, the legion was sent to Melitene on the banks of the Euphrates. Cappadocia, to manage the matter. SMC.099.019. Armenia during Standard of the 12th Legion Fulminata - Vexillum of Thunderbolt Twelfth Legion Canvas Print by Serge Averbukh. Historian Stephen Dando-Collins in his Legions of Rome contends that, after the fall of Singara, most of the men of I Parthica and I Flavia were captured and led away in chains to become slaves; however, some evidence shows that I Parthica was still in existence in the 4th century CE at Constantia. The emperor's son and co-emperor Gallienus (r. 260-268 CE) assumed the throne. However, after Caesar had been murdered, the veterans were reenlisted by his adjutant Lepidus (44), who handed the legion over to Mark Antony. Parthians and The remainder of the legion served on the march on Jerusalem. The Legion stayed at San Francisco where they founded the Roman Demigod camp, Camp Jupiter. Ideally, such a show of force would have allowed the Romans to regain the initiative and prevent the rebellion from developing and growing stronger. Cassius Dio on the Rain Miracle - Livius The Sassanid Empire was a major threat to the Roman power in the East. XII Fulminata was used to occupy Egypt, probably at Babylon (Cairo), but it soon returned to Syria, where it is known to have garrisoned Raphanae in 14 CE. Tigris, the Twelfth stayed in the reserve, possibly as a punishment for its support of Severus' rival. The Bearers of Lightning. : . Evgeni I. Paunov & Margaret M. Roxan, "The Earliest Extant Diploma of Thrace, A.D. 114 (= RMD I 14)", Zeitschrift fr Papyrologie und Epigraphik, "Un fidle de Caracalla: Q. Marcius Dioga", Les carrires snatoriales dans les provinces romaines d'Anatolie au Haut-Empire (31 av. It is known that the XII Fulminata was under the command of Gallus succeeded in escaping with a fraction of his troops to Antioch by sacrificing the greater part of his army and a large amount of materiel. J.-C. - 284 ap. Caucasus published in 1903 by Russian administrators, which refers to the town as "Romana"; various Roman artifacts found in Syria, ordered the survivors to return to Syria. In later centuries it came to be commonly knownas the Legio Fulminatrix, the Thunderer Legion. 12, October 12-13, 2011) Awards renamed in the 2013 Edition of the Trophies, Awards and Ceremonials Manual . IV Scythica from This unit must have been present at the other famous campaigns as well, such as the sieges of Bourges, the battle for Lutetia, and the siege of Alesia. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for American Legion locations in Fayetteville, AR. and our Octavian's 15th legion was possibly reconstituted from Caesar's old legion. Standard of the 12th Legion Fulminata - Vexillum of Thunderbolt Twelfth Legion Greeting Card for Sale by Serge Averbukh. We know that it was called Victrix ("winner") after the civil war, which is a bit confusing because later, there was another legion called XII Victrix. Two legions were specifically created by Severus for its defense: Legio I Parthica and Legio III Parthica. Artaxata. The ancient territory of Mesopotamia lies between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the old Fertile Crescent. Surrounded and without water, the legion faced certain destruction. [10]. Perhaps, the legion was created by the by the emperors of the Gallic Empire (260-274). [4] At this time, most of the Twelfth was composed chiefly of Christians. It is a bit strange that the Roman emperor Gallienus (260-268) gave XII Fulminata a new surname, Galliena. Shortly after Herod's death, Judea was partitioned among his sons as tetrarchy, but due to disturbances by 6 CE it came under direct Roman control and, with the exception of a small autonomous region in the north, became a Roman province, ruled by prefects appointed by Rome. Although he had successfully annexed both, another Jewish uprising, declining troop morale, and illness forced him to withdraw. This major Roman defeat encouraged many more volunteers and towns in Judea to throw their lot in with the rebellion. All content copyright 19952023 Livius.org. The Twelfth Legion Fulminata or Legio XII Fulminata is the last remnant of the once powerful Roman military, and currently is stationed in San Francisco, California, maintaining a base near the city of New Rome. After the death of Emperor After Caesar won the civil war, the legion was named Victrix, and enlisted in 43 BC by Lepidus and Mark Anthony. This was a fatal mistake: in 194, Niger was defeated by Lucius Septimius Severus at Cyzicus, the Cilician gate and Issus. The unit was still guarding the Euphrates River crossing near Melitene at the beginning of the 5th century. Battle between Judean rebels and the Syrian Legion of the Roman Empire, This article is about the battle between Judean rebels and the Syrian Legion of the Roman Empire. 3. This seems to have happened in 172. Parthian CataphractSimeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-SA). He viewed the acquisition as a bulwark for the eastern provinces. Worse was to come. The Twelfth fought at the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC), when Caesar defeated Pompey. A retaliatory campaign was organized by Lucius Caesennius Paetus, the governor of Cappadocia, in 62. The new province comprised what is today Jordan and southern Syria and included the cities of Bostra (the capital), Gerasa, and Petra.