PDF Negative Impact of Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and Population on - AJER Egyptian players abroad: Mostafa Mohamed's Nantes defeated at PSG, Trezeguet.. Italy Serie A results & fixtures (25th matchday), Egypts Prosecution investigates Hoggpool, Six European nations express concern over growing violence in Palestinian territories, Egyptian Premier League fixtures (21st matchday), US official says Biden expected to tighten rules on US investment in China. The announcement on Friday comes a day after Ethiopia said it had launched power production from the second turbine at the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Trilateral talks mediated by the United States and World Bank from November 2019 to February 2020 collapsed as Ethiopia rejected a binding agreement with Egypt and Sudan on the filling and operation of the GERD, which led to both downstream countries requesting intervention from the UN Security Council (UNSC) in May 2020 (Kandeel, 2020). Ethiopia, with a population of more than 115 million people and Projected to be 230 million by 2050. If it is allowed to reach dangerous levels, water scarcity has the potential to trigger conflicts.
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam Agreement within Reach, Under-Secretary Egyptian Water Security and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Why The Nile is not a boundary-delimiting river, hence Ethiopia would almost certainly argue that the exception should not be applied here. Misplaced Opposition to the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD): Update. Nevertheless, it is important to take stock of the human costs, social problems, and lasting environmental impacts of this strategy which have already drawn considerable criticism and concern. In order to sustain this benefit in the long run, Ethiopias neighbouring countries will have to continue to purchase hydroelectric energy, and rainfall will have to fall at the same rate on the Ethiopian Plateau. Test. the study highlights the importance of weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of counter-hegemonic tactics in general, and of large dam projects in particular, and . The Gerd is expected to generate over 5,000 megawatts of electricity, doubling the nation's . Here, for the first time, Egypt recognised Ethiopias right to use the Nile for development purposes. Across Ethiopia, poor farmers and rich business executives alike . (eds.). Even without taking the dam into account, the largely desert country is short of water. It too has legal arguments it could adduce in support of its position that the Dam is permitted under international law. Chinese banks provided financing for the purchase of the turbines and electrical equipment for the hydroelectric plants. First, as noted above, Ethiopia contributes 86% of the water in the Nile and so it seems only natural that it has an equitable claim to using Nile waters to aid growth in its impoverished economy. Addis Ababa expects to sell no less than 4,000 Megawatts (MW) of electricity to its regional partners in the coming decade. Ethiopia says it will take a further four to six years to fill up the reservoir to its maximum flood season capacity of 74bcm. Water scarcity is a growing problem. These countries should return to the NBIs Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA), which was concluded in 2010, try to resolve the disagreements that caused Egypt and Sudan to decline to sign the CFA, and use it as a model for a future binding legal regime. It is perhaps the most glaring demonstration of environmental or climate injustice that the youngest continent (60 percent of the population is below the age of twenty-five) is also the one that has historically least contributed to the industrial emissions of greenhouse gases yet is likely the one that will be hardest affected by meteorological February 14, 2022 JPEG On the contrary, GERD has a positive impact in terms of reducing flood and silting and boost water conservation as well as generate energy for the region. As a hydroelectric project, the dam is expected to generate 6,000 megawatts of electricity. Indeed, as Tekuya notes, Ethiopia persistently objected to the 1929 and 1959 treaties and made clear that its failure to exploit the Nile resulted from a lack of capacity rather than a lack of a legal right to do so. What could have been strictly technical negotiations have turned into a political deadlock. Water scarcity is a growing problem. Another important area of cooperation is research, especially in areas like climate change, the fight against terrorism and extremism, and human rights. Ethiopias interests in developing its water resources are driven by its growing population and high demand for socio-economic development (Gebreluel, 2014). According to this narrative, the Blue Nile, or Abay in Amharic, is a purely Ethiopian river. Indeed, the ICJ confirmed in Gabikovo-Nagymaros Project that all riparian states have a basic right to an equitable and reasonable sharing of the resources of the watercourse. Moreover, these principles were pulled through into the DoP agreed by both Egypt and Ethiopia. per year, that would constitute a drought, to push the three countries to adhere to their obligations in accordance with the rules of international law in order to reach a fair and balanced solution to the issue of the GERD, 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty and 1959 Agreement. Flashcards. Ethiopia also seems to have the political upper hand given that the Dam is effectively a fait accompli and given that Egypts erstwhile downstream ally, Sudan, switched sides in the dispute leaving the Egyptians diplomatically isolated. Construction of the 6,000-megawatt, US $5 billion Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) began . The Chinese-financed Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), despite a recent breakdown in talks on Africa's largest development project, risks powering up a range of downstream tensions and rivalries. Ethiopias strategy for dam construction goes far beyond developmental goals. The researchers looked at the dynamic interactions between the Nile's hydrology and infrastructure and Egypt's economy. The politicisation of the Niles water and the utilisation of development projects to achieve political ends are not new phenomena. The GERD has become a new reality challenging the traditional dynamics in the Nile River Basin. Although Egypt has persistently argued that the 1959 agreement between Egypt and Sudan is the legal framework for the allocation of the waters of the Nile, Ethiopia and other upstream riparian states reject that argument. After all, the VCLT allows states to withdraw from or terminate a treaty owing to a fundamental change of circumstances which has occurred and which was not foreseen by the parties (Article 62(1)). An unsubscribe function is also at the bottom of every newsletter. . Ethiopia needs regional customers for its hydropower to ensure the economic feasibility of the GERD. Owned and operated by the Ethiopian Electric Power company, the 145-m-tall roller-compacted concrete gravity dam .
Factbox: Key facts about Ethiopia's giant Nile dam | Reuters Link, P.M. et al. With regard to the mega-dams, the Gilgel Gibe III Dam and the GERD speak volumes on the substance of Zenawis political ideology. (2011). Practically from the outset, the World Bank and international donors withdrew funding due to a lack of transparency, driven home when it was learned that the construction had begun without a permit from the Environmental Protection Agency in Ethiopia. The Tripartite National Council (TNC) was then established, consisting of members from each of the three countries with the aim of carrying through the IPoE's recommendations (Attia & Saleh, 2021).
Ethiopia completes third filling of Blue Nile mega-dam reservoir It can be demand-driven, typically caused by population growth, and supply-driven, typically caused by decreasing amounts of fresh water often resulting from climate change or a result of societal factors such as poverty. l Coordinates 111255N 3505 . Match facts: Egypts Ahly v South Africas Mamelodi Sundowns (CAF Champions.. Kevin Harts first Egypt show cancelled 'due to local logistical issues', Match facts: Sudans Al-Hilal v Egypts Ahly (CAF Champions League), Match facts: Egypts Ahly v Cameroons Coton Sport (CAF Champions League), Egyptian Premier League results & scorers (20th matchday), Spain La Liga results & scorers (21st matchday), 13 Egyptian women on Forbes Middle East 100 Most Powerful businesswomen 2023, Egyptian Premier League results & fixtures (18th matchday), English Premier League results & scorers (23rd matchday), Prioritising the best solutions for sustainable development, A new beginning for education and beyond, Prioritizing the UN's Global Development Agenda, US-Africa Leaders Summit: Between expectations and realities. Al Jazeera (2020). Egypts Nile Water Policy under Sisi: Security Interests Promote Rapprochement with Ethiopia. Lastly, over-year storage facilities upstream in Ethiopia will allow Sudan to increase its water use. All three countries have a vested interest in a properly operated dam. A political requirement will be to agree on rules for filling the GERD reservoir and on operating rules for the GERD, especially during periods of drought. The latter, in Article 2(4), allocated acquired rights of 66% of Nile water to Egypt and 22% to Sudan (with the remaining 12% attributed to leakage). First, Ethiopia could highlight that it was not a party to either the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty or the 1959 Egypt-Sudan Treaty. Most recently, there have been suggestions that the African Union should resolve the disagreement. At the same. Ultimately, all the water is allowed to pass downstream such that there is no net loss of flow (with the exception of water lost to evaporation).
The grand Ethiopian Renaissance dam (eg) - SlideShare On March 4, 1982, Bertha Wilson became the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada. Ethiopia has the basins most suitable locations for hydropower production, and its damming of the Blue Nile would significantly increase Sudan's potential for irrigated agriculture. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, a 1.1-mile-long concrete colossus, is set to become the largest hydropower plant in Africa. Crucially, however, despite being signed by Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan, the legal status of the DoP was left (deliberately) vague. Today, however, Ethiopia is building the Grand Renaissance Dam and, with it, Ethiopia will physically control the Blue Nile Gorgethe primary source of most of the Nile waters. The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will have negative impacts not only on Egypt but also on poor communities in Ethiopia as well as on its Nile Basin neighbours Ethiopia's strategy for dam construction goes far beyond developmental goals.
Ethiopia says second filling of Renaissance Dam complete The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) is a 6,450 MW hydropower project nearing completion on the Blue Nile in Ethiopia, located about 30 km upstream of the border with Sudan. 4. This is because it is traditionally understood to refer to waterways that form intrinsic parts of international boundaries. Egypt, fearing major disruptions to its access to the Niles waters, originally intended to prevent even the start of the GERDs construction.
(PDF) The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Evaluating Its On Feb. 26, Ethiopia temporarily suspended its . The three countries have agreed that when the flow of Nile water to the dam falls below 35-40 b.c.m. In the relatively unlikely scenario that the above points failed, Ethiopia could argue that there has been such a change of circumstances since the Nile Waters Treaties were concluded that they ought to be terminated. I agree with the delivery of the newsletter. The Chinese donors who have agreed to fund it have performed no independent social or environmental impact reviews. Therefore, all the water is eventually released downstream with the effect that there is no net loss of water to downstream states. The withdrawal from the project by Deltares has been met by a wave of objections in Egypt for fear .
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - jpl.nasa.gov Yet, Ethiopia is fully aware of Somalias economic dependence on the rivers originating from Ethiopias highlands. In fact, the Dam arguably smooths out the flow and mitigates the risk of both drought and floods.
Why was the aswan high dam built? Explained by Sharing Culture [18]
The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam is the new - The Conversation The Political Deadlock on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. Helping Egypts cause, during the preparation of the VCSS, the International Law Commission stated that treaties concerning water rights or navigation on rivers are commonly regarded as candidates for inclusion in the category of territorial treaties. However, it must be noted that this would represent a generous interpretation of the territorial treaty exception. Consequently, under the principle of pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt, it could demonstrate that those treaties cannot bind it as it was a third party and did not give its consent. The $4 billion hydroelectric dam . Article 7 provides that watercourse states must take all appropriate measures to prevent significant harm to other watercourse States and that, where harm does occur, there shall be consultations to discuss the question of compensation. Finally, Article 8 requires that watercourse states cooperate on the basis of sovereign equality, territorial integrity, mutual benefit and good faith.. Although Ethiopia has argued that the hydroelectric GERD will not significantly affect the flow of water into the Nile, Egypt, which depends almost entirely on the Nile waters for household and commercial uses, sees the dam as a major threat to its water security. Nevertheless, Khartoum continues to fear that the operation of the GERD could threaten the safety of Sudans own dams and make it much more difficult for the government to manage its own development projects. It also codified the principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and no significant harm (essentially importing from the Watercourses Convention). Already, the United States has threatened to withhold development aid to Ethiopia if the conflict is not resolved and an agreement reached. March 14, 2020, 6:57 AM. His successor, Mohamed Morsi, said that Egypt was prepared to defend each drop of Nile water with blood. An armed conflict has not emerged, but there are suggestions that Egyptian intelligence services undermined Ethiopia internally by assisting the Oromo Liberation Front in its campaign of civil unrest in Ethiopia in 2016. In the absence of the application of the Watercourses Convention, various other legal arrangements and political declarations must be considered to gain an understanding of the regulation of the Dam and the Nile River more generally.
(DOC) Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - Academia.edu Ultimately, however, Egypt did not sign the CFA (nor did Sudan) hence it does not resolve the dispute. The Tendaho, Tekeze, and the Gibe series are only a few examples from that period. EDUARDO SOTERAS/AFP via Getty Images. One question that keeps coming up is: Will Ethiopia be willing to release enough water from the reservoir to help mitigate a drought downstream? What Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia must overcome to all benefit from the Grand Renaissance Dam.
Why is the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam contentious? It is clearly a philosophy that looks beyond the electricity and freshwater needs of local communities to a geo-strategic restructuring of the Horn of Africa. l It is in the Benishangul-Gumuz Region of Ethiopia, about 15 km east of the border with Sudan. Government of the United States of America. Omar, A. Indeed, Sudan had initially opposed the Dam but changed its position in 2012 after consultations with Ethiopia. The countrys 2003 development plan introduced many more, and the Ethiopian government launched an ambitious PR campaign to encourage donor nations and international funding agencies to support these projects financially and ideologically as the highway to Ethiopian development and prosperity. Recently, the tensions among Egypt, Sudan, and Ethiopia over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile have escalated, particularly after Ethiopia announced that it had started filling the GERDs reservoir, an action contrary to Egypts mandate that the dam not be filled without a legally binding agreement over the equitable allocation of the Niles waters. The Watercourses Convention aims to regulate the uses, as well as the conservation, of all transboundary waters above and below the surface. It has led a diplomatic initiative to undermine support for the dam in the region; as well as in other countries supporting the project such as China and Italy. The dispute has prompted numerous international interventions, including by Gulf Arab states, which have issued political statements and led mediation efforts. We do know that Ethiopia is already seeing longer droughts and worse floods. That seems unlikely given that the DoP concerns the Dam alone and was agreed only between Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan; whereas the Nile Waters Treaties concern the whole Nile Basin and involve many more states. It provides clear benefits to all three riparian, such as flood control, reduced flood damages and sediment control. Challenges for water sharing in the Nile basin: changing geo-politics and changing climate. Egypt relies on the river for as much as 90 percent of its freshwater and sees the new dam as an existential . The dispute over the GERD is part of a long-standing feud between Egypt and Sudanthe downstream stateson the one hand, and Ethiopia and the upstream riparians on the other over access to the Niles waters, which are considered a lifeline for millions of people living in Egypt and Sudan. The Zenawi concept of a Strong Ethiopia envisions the country as a powerful hydroelectric energy hub exporting electricity to Djibouti and Somalia in the east, Kenya and Uganda to the south, and Sudan to the west. Given the advancement of the dam construction - the GERD being, as of March 2015, 40% complete, according to Ethiopia - Egypt had good reason to reconsider its position (RANE, 2015). Flashcards. Initially opposed to the GERD, Sudan later expressed support for its construction in 2013, claiming that it would serve the interests of all three nations (Maguid, 2017). The drying up of this in Central Asia has been called the worlds worst environmental catastrophe. According to some estimates, the Ethiopian government had to arrange for the resettlement of 1.5 million people in the four regions of Gambela, Somali, Afar, and Benishangul-Gumuz. RANE (2015). Both Egypt and Ethiopia could make arguments in support of their positions. This is an intergovernmental partnership to provide a forum for consultation and coordination for the sustainable management and development of shared water. for seepage and evaporation, but afforded no water to Ethiopia or other upstream riparian statesthe sources of most of the water that flows into the Nile. Cairo - U.S. Special Envoy to the Horn of Africa Ambassador Mike Hammer met with senior Egyptian government officials on July 25 to advance a diplomatic resolution on the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) that supports the water needs, economy, and livelihood of all Egyptians, Sudanese, and Ethiopians. Learn. Second came the 2015 Declaration of Principles (DoP) which concerned the Dam specifically (rather than the Nile more broadly). The failure of the latest talks over the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) has intensified tensions between Ethiopia and downstream states Egypt and Sudan. However, it also entails potential negative effects on Egypt, if not carefully managed (see alsoSecurity implications of growing water scarcity in Egypt). Egypts original goal was to have the project purely and simply cancelled. Filling of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) along the Blue Nile River is well under way near the Ethiopia-Sudan border. The Government of Egypt, a country which relies heavily on the waters of the Nile, has demanded that Ethiopia cease construction on the dam as a preconditions to negotiations, sought regional support for its position, and some political leaders have discussed methods to sabotage it. Ethiopia is pinning its hopes of economic development and power generation on the Blue Nile dam, which Egypt fears will imperil its water supply. As a result, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has recognised water security as a possible threat to international peace. In its 2013 report, the International Rivers Organisation predicted that the long-term effects of the Gibe III Dam would turn Lake Turkana into another Aral Sea. An optimistic trend among todays African commentators focuses primarily on economic growth rates and pays little attention to human tolls, questions of transparency and accountability, and the sustainability of growth. The Friends of Lake Turkana, an NGO representing indigenous groups whose livelihoods are dependent on the Lake, filed a suit to halt the construction of the dam. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. Governing the Nile River Basin: The Search for a New Legal Regime. khadsyy Plus. The Kenyan Lake is heavily dependent on the fresh water and vital nutrients supplied by the rivers annual floods, making it a paradise for fisheries. Thus, as with the Watercourses Convention and the CFA, the DoP does not offer a clear legal resolution to the dispute. The treaties also purported to give Egypt veto power over upstream projects. Ethiopia could argue that those imperial powers did not foresee the decolonisation of Africa and that this represented a watershed event that profoundly changed the foundation on which the Nile Water Treaties were constructed. These are two of the largest dams in Africa. However, another trend stresses the need to approach the question from a broader and more holistic perspective. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) takes an expansionist view towards decolonisation as seen in the Chagos Islands Advisory Opinion, in which it allowed the decolonisation agenda to trump the UKs lack of consent to any contentious proceedings. The Dam is used to generate electricity and went into partial operation in 2022.
The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: Source of cooperation or - USGS Another difficulty for Egypt is that making this argument (i.e. casting the DoP as a treaty) has the potential to abrogate the Nile Waters Treaties that Egypt holds so dear. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56(4), 687-702.
The Politics Of The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam - Analysis On March 4, 1909, the Copyright Act of 1909 became law, making infringement of a copyright a federal crime for the first time. Despite the controversy and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam's effect on Egypt and Sudan, it appears that the Ethiopian government will continue to move forward with filling the dam. However, an agreement was still far from reach. Egypt Forced to Negotiate on Nile Dam. Despite the intense disagreements, though, Ethiopia continues to move forward with the dam, arguing that the hydroelectric project will significantly improve livelihoods in the region more broadly. However, as a result of the ability and willingness of Ethiopians at home and abroad to invest in the dam project, the government was able to raise a significant portion of the money needed to start the construction of the GERD. In addition, no independent, multilateral Environmental and Social Impact Assessments has been carried out suggesting that Ethiopia is reneging from the 2015 Declaration of Principles (Kandeel, 2020). Hence, it is hard to see how Egypt could make a compelling argument that it has been harmed by the Dam. At 6,000 MW, the dam will be the largest hydroelectric power plant in Africa when completed at 2017(IPoE, 2013). In my opinion, this should be negotiable, to fill the lake over a longer period, and only when the river is sufficiently full. Another argument Egypt might adduce concerns the DoP. It also created a counter message to Egypts powerful the Nile is Egypt narrative that is familiar around the world. Although Egypt and Sudan are likely to resist efforts to include the other upstream riparians in the negotiations or to allow a regional organization, such as the NBI, to serve as an implementing organ, they must understand that the Nile River is a regional watercourse and its management must be approached from a regional perspective.
Africa's largest dam fills Ethiopia with hope and Egypt with dread Negative impacts of the GERD - Opinion - Ahram Online The Blue Nile is Ethiopias largest river, with high potential for hydropower and irrigation. Because Ethiopia has been so cavalier with regard to the technical aspects of its dams, portions of them have also caved in soon after they began operation. The 1902 Treaty did not preclude Ethiopia from undertaking works that might reduce, but not arrest, the flow of waters. It is therefore intrinsically connected with the question of land ownership.
Ethiopia's dam dispute: five key reads about how it started and how it As noted above, the instrument concedes for the first time that Ethiopia has legitimate interests over the Nile. per year, that would constitute a drought and, according to Egypt and Sudan, Ethiopia would have to release some of the water in the dams reservoir to deal with the drought. The strategy and its surrounding narrative have attracted large influxes of foreign investment in the Ethiopian agrarian sector, with multi-million dollar leases of agricultural land to foreigners generally linked to irrigation projects planned in tandem with the construction of the dam. Perhaps the most significant project in the 2003 plan was the Chemoga-Yeda Hydroelectric Project, a series of five small dams on Blue Nile tributaries and two dams on the Genale River with a couple more envisioned for a later phase.
The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. The late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, who laid the foundation stone in 2011, said the dam would be built without begging for money . l located on the Blue Nile River in Ethiopia . Some have mythified it and claim it is the Gihon River of the Biblical Book of Genesis that encircles the entire land of Cush, thereby adding a religious dimension to the politicisation.