The early establishment of proper habits of instrument cross-check, instrument interpretation, and aircraft control is highly useful to the student. Every flight instructor can agree that everyone wants to be safe, but what does "safety" really mean? Regardless of how well a skill is taught, there may still be performance deficiencies. crew briefing, emphasize the importance of the sterile cockpit rule and request Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots. For example, advanced navigation and autopilot systems are valuable resources flight instructors must ensure students know how to use. Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. If possible, avoid ending the evaluation on a negative note, As discussed in Chapter 5, Assessment, collaborative assessment (or learner centered grading (LCG)) is a form of authentic assessment currently used in aviation training with problem-based learning (PBL). A witness recalled later that the aircraft appeared to be too high and fast on final approach, and speculated the pilot was having difficulty controlling the aircraft in high winds. problems for these crews. The explanation phase is accomplished prior to the flight lesson with a discussion of lesson objectives and completion standards, as well as a thorough preflight briefing. The sterile cockpit rule was designed Upon reaching a wings-level attitude, reduce power and trim to remove control pressures, Second, the student tells as the instructor does. Penal Code 9.31 discusses the use of non-deadly force and 9.32 discusses the use of deadly force. This is the only step in which the student plays a passive role. Based on insight, cross-country flying experience, and knowledge of weather systems, she considers the possibility that she has an increased headwind. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. For example, if a discrepancy is found during preflight, what resources can be used to determine its significance? The Sterile Cockpit: An Effective Approach to Reducing - ResearchGate The first effect of high workload is that the pilot begins to work faster. The instructor must exercise good judgment to decide how much control to use. 14 CFR Section 91.3, Responsibility and Authority of the Pilot in Command, states that "In an inflight emergency requiring immediate action, the pilot in command may deviate from any rule of this part to the extent required to meet that emergency", Flight instructors should incorporate ADM, risk management, situational awareness, and SRM throughout the entire training course for all levels of students. Where introduced, these proactive moves have been widely adhered to and recognised as a valuable contribution to operational flight safety. It is recommended that the Captain, during the pre-departure These problems are often due to inadequacies of the course or of the instructor. Acute fatigue, a normal occurrence of everyday living, is the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental strain, including strenuous muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload, strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of sleep, Acute fatigue caused by training operations may be physical or mental, or both. (c) For the purposes of this As experience is gained, a pilot learns to recognize future workload requirements and can prepare for high workload periods during times of low workload. more than one culprit. same way about their crew members. Certificated flight instructor (CFI) Daniel decides his student, Mary, has gained enough confidence in flying that it is time for her to develop personal weather minimums. Doing several things at once, though, may mean that something important falls through the cracks. Time of day is a factor in traffic congestion, possible winds, sun angles, and reflection, If possible, the flight instructor needs access to a portable radio during any supervised solo operations. Instancia integrada por cuatro diputados miembros de la Comisin Jurisdiccional, que tiene a su cargo practicar todas las diligencias necesarias para la comprobacin de la conducta o hecho de responsabilidad poltica y/o penal de algn servidor pblico incluido en el artculo 110 constitucional . These include but are not limited to: Impatience to proceed to more interesting operations, Physical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydration, Students who believe their instruction is inadequate, or that their efforts are not conscientiously considered and evaluated, do not learn well. Several reports we examined indicate the performance of his or her duties or which could interfere in any way She now considers the expected outcome of each possible action and assesses the risks involved. An implicit prerequisite to the evidence-based transfer of such a concept to the clinical domain, however, is definition of periods of high mental workload analogous to takeoff and landing. Some operators use surface to 18,000 feet as the "sterile zone", while others apply the sterile cockpit principle from Top of Descent/Pre-Descent checklist, in the descent, and up to Top of Climb/En-Route checklist, on departure. Preoccupation inside or outside the flight deck while changing aircraft configuration or trim, maneuvering to avoid other traffic, or clearing hazardous obstacles during takeoff and climb could create a potential stall/spin situation. an airport. This focuses concentration on the task to be accomplished, so that total involvement in the maneuver is fostered. surgery would think too kindly of the surgical team who failed to sterilize Sterile cockpit? General Aviation News (Click On a cross-country flight, you become disoriented. Fortunately I've received some help this month. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. flight is above or below 10,000 feet. This is why once an initial assumption is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the pilots conclusion is correct, While on a cross-country flight, Brenda discovers her time en route between two checkpoints is significantly longer than the time she originally calculated. When a flight crew's Anxious students can be incredibly strong and usually exhibit reactions inappropriate to the situation. The services provided by ATC can be invaluable in enabling pilots to make informed inflight decisions. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. to flying the aircraft. The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. Sterile Flight Deck | SKYbrary Aviation Safety [Figure 8-6], Flight instructors should always guard the controls and be prepared to take control of the aircraft. Look at how extraneous chatter with air traffic controllers introduced from the sterile cockpit rule. Instructors can help new students feel comfortable with ATC by encouraging them to take advantage of services, such as flight following and Flight Watch. ADM training focuses on the decision-making process and the factors that affect a pilots ability to make effective choices, Timely decision-making is an important tool for any pilot. In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. sterile cockpit rule is really important, so we'll adhere to it. to know you" sort of chat. The habitual attention to instrument indications leads to improved landings because of more precise airspeed control. Sterile Cockpit - Philadelphia Glider Council Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. phase of flight except those duties required for the safe operation of For example, if the student consistently makes a decision not to fly, even though weather briefings indicate favorable conditions, it may be due to apprehension regarding the lesson content. Aviation strategies often guide patient safety improvement discussions. In fact, experts have demonstrated that in order to This begins with recognizing that a change has occurred or that an expected change did not occur. Other examples of SBT can have the instructor adding undesired landing sites for balloon student pilots, rope breaks for glider students, and radio outages for instrument airplane students. From Flight suggestion following an altitude deviation. When introducing lesson tasks, flight instructors should not introduce the minimum acceptable standards for passing the checkride. A pilot in command (PIC) must know when to tell any passengers, even a DPE, when the PIC finds actions in the aircraft that distract and interfere with the safe conduct of the flight, Integrated flight instruction is flight instruction during which students are taught to perform flight maneuvers both by outside visual references and by reference to flight instruments. reasons for non-adherence to the sterile cockpit rule: The most habitually cited offense instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by Now, the student must visualize how he or she will handle the unexpected change, During this visualization, the flight instructor can ask questions to check the students thought processes. Fatigue is the primary consideration in determining the length and frequency of flight instruction periods and flight instruction should be continued only as long as the student is alert, receptive to instruction, and is performing at a level consistent with experience, It is important for a CFI to be able to detect fatigue, both in assessing a students substandard performance early in a lesson, and also in recognizing the deterioration of performance. After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. here to go to FAR 121.542 and 135.100. It is just as important that a student be advanced to the subsequent step as soon as one goal has been attained, as it is to complete each step before the next one is undertaken. Sterile Cockpit Rule. The instructor can correct student impatience by presenting the necessary preliminary training one step at a time, with clearly stated goals for each step. The best way to illustrate this concept to students is to discuss specific situations that lead to aircraft accidents or incidents. . These regulations are comprehensive, but there has been increasing recognition that even the strictest compliance with regulations may not be sufficient to guarantee safety. reports, a safer operation can be achieved by simply abiding by the rule's guidelines. Is the "sterile cockpit" concept applicable to - ScienceDirect The Sleeve and Spindle The four-engine Dash 7 was operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. Additional information on recommendations and endorsements can be found in Appendix E, Flight Instructor Endorsements, Remember that students learning is sometimes subject to their environment, Be sure to provide challenges such as crosswinds in training before they see it on their checkride, or potentially worse, as a brand new pilot with passengers. There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care, and the application of the sterile cockpit concept to the OR has been suggested. When becoming overloaded, the student should stop, think, slow down, and prioritize. The procedures and elements mastered in each step should be clearly identified in explaining or demonstrating the performance of the subsequent step, Impatience can result from instruction keyed to the pace of a slow learner when it is applied to a motivated, fast learner. This is true no matter how diligently they attempt to apply themselves to the learning task, A minor illness, such as a cold, major illness, or injury, interferes with the normal rate of learning. Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way. Emergencies require the pilot to thinkassess the situation, choose and execute the actions that assure safety, not act in a rote manner, It is important for flight instructors to teach students that declaring an emergency when one occurs is an appropriate reaction. sterile cockpit rule over the past decade, pilots have continued to have accidents the aircraft. Examples of all common endorsements can be found in the current issue of AC 61-65, Appendix 1. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations Several ATC radio calls were missed. For example, changes to regulatory requirements may affect the wording, or the instructor may customize the endorsement for any special circumstances of the applicant. The concept is simple. The instructor must quickly evaluate the students need for help, and not hesitate to take control, if required. Improving patient safety using the sterile cockpit principle during to maintain a sterile cockpit environment is before beginning a trip. The report cited the pilot and co-pilot for poor A good time to establish the desire Sterile Cockpit. It is a testing tool. Aircraft Destroyed. Friends- The weather is warm, the evenings are long, the grandchildren are fun, and I haven't felt like writing. Numerous accidents have occurred due to a lack of communication or misunderstanding regarding who had actual control of the aircraft, particularly between students and flight instructors. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. After reaching his destination, the pilot did not request refueling. clearances and altitude deviations) increases when a crew member is out of the Since flight instructors are a critical part of the aviation safety system, this chapter introduces system safetyaeronautical decision-making (ADM), risk management, situational awareness, and single-pilot resource management (SRM)in the modern flight training environment. Providing this atmosphere for learning is one of the first and most important tasks of the instructor. engage in, nor may any pilot in command permit, any activity during a What resources do you have to assist you? 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. violations: The way in which the sterile cockpit In the process of explaining the maneuver as the instructor performs it, perceptions begin to develop into insights. To fully achieve the demonstrated benefits of this type of training, the use of visual and instrument references must be constantly integrated throughout the training. The student should be able to describe the procedures for traffic pattern entry and landing preparation. Your fellow crew members and passengers are hoping that you will. In addition, their motivation suffers no matter how intent they are on learning to fly. engaging in non-essential conversations within the cockpit and non-essential In military transport operations, a similar philosophy is applied from "combat entry" to "combat exit". He did not consider how fatigue and lack of extensive night flying experience could affect the flight, Fuel exhaustionwith the aircraft fuel supply almost exhausted, the pilot no longer had the option of diverting to avoid rapidly developing thunderstorms. With the flight vividly etched in the students memory, questions about the flight will come quickly, Correction of student errors should not include the practice of immediately taking the controls away when a mistake is made. Since some of the most valuable internal resources are ingenuity, knowledge, and skill, pilots can expand flight deck resources immensely by improving their capabilities. It is easy to determine whether an error is induced by a misconception or by a simple lack of motor skills. Stress is an inevitable and necessary part of life; it adds motivation and heightens an individuals response to meet any challenge, Everyone is stressed to some degree all the time. Do not talk to the student on short final of the landing approach, During a post-solo debriefing, the flight instructor discusses what took place during the students solo flight. A well designed assessment provides a student with something constructive upon which he or she can work or build. (c) For the purposes of this section, critical phases of flight includes all ground operations involving taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet, except cruise flight. Worry or distraction may be due to student concerns about progress in the training course, or may stem from circumstances completely unrelated to their instruction. CFIs should keep in mind that being fit to fly depends on more than just a pilots physical condition and recency of experience. using engine anti-ice for takeoff during a blinding snow storm. It just happens. A radio enables the instructor to terminate the solo operation if he or she observes a situation developing. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. If fatigue occurs as a result of application to a learning task, the student should be given a break in instruction and practice, A CFI who is familiar with the signs indicative to acute fatigue will be more aware if the student is experiencing them. jump seat is quite a valuable privilege, but it is important that the additional From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. thousands of ASRS reports, the potential for problems (such as misunderstood should be given to developing something that doesn't create its own set of distractions. But as this review The weather at the time of the incident was reported as marginal VFR due to rain showers and thunderstorms. related records are not required for the safe operation of the aircraft. FAR 121.542 Duties such as company required calls made for non-safety reports: The connotation "extraneous The rate at which the aircraft rolls depends on how much aileron deflection is used. However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. a very fine elucidation. as an activity that is essential to the safe operation of aircraft. With the advent of advanced avionics with glass displays, GPS, and autopilot, flying might seem inherently easier and safer, but in reality it has become more complex. If a recovery is necessary, there is absolutely nothing to be gained by having the student on the controls and having to fight for control of the aircraft. Some reports contained The expected outcome of each possible action should be considered and the risks assessed before the pilot decides on a response to the situation, Brenda determines the fuel burn if she continues to her destination and considers other options: turning around and landing at a nearby airport, diverting off course, or landing prior to her destination at an airport en route. Daniels decision to help Mary develop personal weather minimums reflects a key component of the flight instructors job: providing the student with the tools to ensure safety during a flight. At the same time, the student should be allowed to practice the entire maneuver often enough to achieve the level of proficiency established in the lesson objectives. A student may show an initial tendency to move the bar in the direction of the desired turn. If the student bounces an airplane on landing, teach the student to make an immediate go around. However, keep in mind that the required amount of lead really depends on the type of turn, turn rate, and roll-out rate. -- possibly even an accident. The CFI bases this assessment on the students ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. They are much less apt to become airsick while operating the controls themselves. [Figure 8-4], The flight instructor needs to be well prepared and highly organized if complex maneuvers and procedures are to be taught effectively. This concept should be emphasized to students and reinforced when training procedures are performed. Explanations must be clear, pertinent to the objectives of the particular lesson to be presented, and based on the known experience and knowledge of the students. Holding precise headings and altitudes in cruising flight definitely increases average cruising performance, The use of integrated flight instruction provides the student with the ability to control an aircraft in flight for limited periods if outside references are lost. disobeying the rule is not intentional. Also associated with pilot skill evaluations during flight training are the stage checks conducted in FAA-approved school courses and the practical tests for pilot certificates and ratings, In assessing piloting ability, it is important for the flight instructor to keep the student informed of progress. Many of the reports contained acknowledgments like this: Following are the four most common and other activities along the route and were not observing the 'sterile cockpit' This can be accomplished by frequently reviewing flight information publications, such as 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), as well as by pursuing additional training, A thorough understanding of all the equipment and systems in the aircraft is necessary to fully utilize all resources. important. At the time of the crash, In briefing Failure to do so lengthens the flight instruction necessary for the student to achieve the competency required for a private pilot certificate. AC 60-22, Aeronautical Decision-Making, provides background references, definitions, and other pertinent information about ADM training in the GA environment. shows, the consequences of non-compliance can be very serious. The instructor should be alert during the students practice to detect any errors in technique and to prevent the formation of faulty habits, At the same time, the student should be encouraged to think about what to do during the performance of a maneuver, until it becomes habitual. Some circumstances, such as the time available to make a decision, may be beyond the pilots control. If fuel quantity is lower than expected on a cross-country flight, the priority can shift from making a scheduled arrival time at the destination, to locating a nearby airport to refuel. The Sterile Cockpit/Flight Deck concept involves the restriction of flight crew member activity to that which is operationally essential during busy phases of flight - taxi out, take off, initial climb, intermediate and final approach, landing, and taxi in. Additional information can be obtained from veteran flight instructors. Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), "Accident and Incident Reports Show Importance of Sterile Cockpit Compliance". 08. jna 2022 . Instruction must be keyed to the utilization of the interests and enthusiasm students bring with them, and to diverting their attention from their worries and troubles to learning the tasks at hand. When students begin flight training, they bring with them their interests, enthusiasms, fears, and troubles. This is especially important due to the wide variety in global positioning systems (GPS) and glass panel displays, It is the personal responsibility of each flight instructor to maintain familiarity with current pilot training techniques and certification requirements. to help minimize many of the problems that we just annotated. [Figure 8-3], Poor instructional presentations may result not only from poor preparation, but also from distracting mannerisms, personal untidiness, or the appearance of irritation with the student. Exact interpretation of what constitutes the "sterile zone" is influenced by aircraft type, role, and operating environment.