However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Encyclopedia.com. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Grandmother. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. White Lotus - Wikiwand The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. A CHOICE OUTSTANDING ACADEMIC TITLE The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. id Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan . Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. After 48 years, official Zeng Guofan studied and was inspired by the dynasty's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion while considering ways to defeat the Taiping movement. (present perfect, tell). By 1387, after more than thirty years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang had liberated all of China. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. 22 Feb. 2023 . Due to their brutality, the Qing troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. ", Dai, Yingcong. however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Bailianjiao (www.chinaknowledge.de) In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. We are committed to providing our patients care in the same warm, caring, and professional manner we would extend to members of our own family. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. The Qings were from Manchuria, and they established their dynasty as a conquering force of the Ming dynasty by non-Chinese outsiders, maintaining that identity and organization throughout their 268-year reign. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. XIX Century Civil Wars. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). They are not like some external tribe . [9], A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. A pattern emerged of growing rice in the valley bottoms, corn on the lower mountain slopes, and Irish potatoes on the higher land. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. 12 talking about this. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The young pretender, Wang Fa-sheng, was never any other than a puppet in the hands of the leaders. Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: Rebellion and Revolution The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. The Qing state banned the religion, and it, The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (11271279). Another major contributing factor to the downfall of the Qing dynasty was European imperialism and China's gross miscalculation of the power and ruthlessness of the British crown. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. . 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. The ethnic Manchu rulers of China's Qing dynasty reigned over the Middle Kingdom beginning in 1644 CE, when they defeated the last of the Ming, up until 1912. Encyclopedia.com. Then a turn of fortune and successive victories of the imperialists would almost annihilate their armies and crush all their hopes. The British under Queen Victoria were a huge market for Chinese teas, but the Qing refused to engage in trade negotiations, rather demanding that Britain pay for the tea in gold and silver. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, Zhu Yuanzhang named his period of reign "Hongwu" (thus he was known as the Hongwu Emperor) and founded a new dynasty the Ming dynasty. The History of White Lotus Rebellion - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia An independent military force, the militia proved difficult to disband, and frequently it turned against the dynasty in the early 20th century. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Omissions? Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Definition 1 / 6 - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China - large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Alternate titles: Bailianjiao, Pai-lien chiao, San Jos State University - The White Lotus Religion in China. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of military invincibility of the Manchu, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. "The Great Yn: China's Last Imperial Dynasty" WIP in, Gaustad, Blaine C. "Prophets and pretenders: inter-sect competition in Qianlong China. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. Inventions from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. White Lotus Rebellion, (1796-1804), large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Updates? By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. #ga-ad {display: none;} [CDATA[ She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 - Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. In the closing years of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, they organized resistance to the foreign overlords, and now they are doing so again, but against the reigning Ming Dynasty! Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. During much of that time, China was the single, undisputed superpower in East Asia, with neighboring lands such as Korea, Vietnam, and an often-reluctant Japan trailing in its cultural wake. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Imperial Mistakes The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. At the . In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. [10], The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The calamitous Opium Wars seemed to prove that the alien ruling dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven and needed to be overthrown. And so the war was waged. View original page. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand